Resumo A esporulação de Didymella bryoniae in vitro é de grande importância para estudos que requerem inóculo puro e em grandes quantidades. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar a melhor condição para esporulação de D. bryoniae combinando diferentes espectros de luz (luz UV-A ou UV-B, luz branca e escuro contínuo) com distintos meios de cultura (PDA, V8, ML e PDAB) e, avaliar a sobrevivência do fungo armazenado a -20°C ao longo do tempo. As amostras de fungo só esporularam quando submetidas ao tratamento com luz UV-B, independentemente do meio de cultura. Maior aparecimento de esporos do tipo conídio foi observado no meio PDAB, e a menor produção ocorreu no meio ML. Estruturas reprodutivas, como peritécios e picnídeos, foram observadas em todos os meios de cultura. No entanto, houve uma variação considerável na quantidade de cada estrutura entre os diferentes meios de cultura. Os meios ML e V8 apresentaram maior número de peritécios e os meios PDA e PDAB apresentaram maior proporção de picnídeos em relação aos peritécios. A duração do armazenamento a -20°C não afetou o crescimento micelial ou a taxa de crescimento micelial. Em conclusão, a luz UV-B é essencial para a esporulação de D. bryoniae in vitro. Além disso, a composição do meio de cultura influencia o tipo de estrutura fúngica produzida, bem como o tamanho e a quantidade dos esporos. O congelamento a -20°C é uma técnica eficiente que pode ser usada para armazenar D. bryoniae por pelo menos cinco meses sem perda de viabilidade

Abstract The in vitro sporulation of Didymella bryoniae is of great importance for studies that require pure inoculum and in large quantities. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the best condition for D. bryoniae sporulation combining different light spectra (UV-A or UV-B light, white light, and continuous dark), with distinct culture media (PDA, V8, ML, and PDAB) and, to evaluate fungus’ survivability stored at -20°C over time. The fungus samples were only able to sporulate when subjected to the UV-B light treatment, regardless of the culture medium. The highest appearance of spores conidium type was observed in the PDAB medium, and the lowest production occurred in the ML medium. Reproductive structures, such as perithecia and pycnidia, were observed in all culture media. However, there was considerable variation in the amount of each structure between the different culture media. The ML and V8 media showed a greater number of perithecia and the PDA and PDAB media presented a greater proportion of pycnidia compared to perithecia. The storage duration at -20°C did not affect mycelial growth or mycelial growth rate. In conclusion, the UV-B light is essential for D. bryoniae in vitro sporulation. Moreover, the culture medium composition influences the type of fungal structure produced, as well as spores’ size and quantity. Freezing at -20°C is an efficient technique that can be used to store D. bryoniae for at least five months without loss of viability.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se estudia el efecto de la presencia de nanopartículas de cobre infundidas en un sistema dosi-métrico PAGAT, por medio de un abordaje basado en simulaciones Monte Carlo, empleando el código PENELOPE, de un sistema compuesto por nanopartículas de cobre estabilizadas y recubiertas con ácido ascórbico. Se caracterizó la respuesta del sistema al ser irradiado con un haz monoenergético de fotones de 150 keV, representativo de aplicaciones de ortovoltaje, y se evaluó el efecto de tres factores principales: el tamaño de la nanopartícula de cobre (de 10 a 300 nm), el espesor del recubrimiento (de 25 a 400 nm) y la densidad del recubrimiento (de 1.162 a 1.650 g/mL). Los resultados indican que existe un ligero aumento en el refuerzo de dosis absorbida en el material de gel dosimétrico PAGAT en función del tamaño de la nanopartícula, una disminución del refuerzo de dosis en el PAGAT a medida que aumenta el espesor del estabilizante, y un efecto competitivo, aunque comparativamente menos significativo, de cambios debido a la densidad del estabilizante. Finalmente, se analizó el espectro de fluencia de fotones para los tres casos estudiados con el fin identificar y evaluar las líneas de fluorescencia características del cobre confirmando la presencia de fotones de rayos X característicos derivados de la presencia de las nanopartículas de cobre, cuya presencia representa un potencial punto de partida para técnicas específicas de imaging.

Abstrac The present investigation is focused on the effect of copper nanoparticles infused in a PAGAT dosimetry system. Monte Carlo simulations using the PENELOPE code were employed to analyze a system composed of stabilized copper na-noparticles coated with ascorbic acid. The system was subjected to irradiation with a 150 keV monoenergetic photon beam, representative of orthovoltage applications. The study evaluated the influence of three key factors: the size of the copper nanoparticle (ranging from 10 to 300 nm), the coating thickness (ranging from 25 to 400 nm), and the coating density (ranging from 1.162 to 1.650 g/mL). The findings indicate a slight increase in dose enhancement with increasing nanoparticle size. Conversely, an increase in stabilizer thickness leads to a decrease in dose enhancement in the PAGAT system. The effect of changes in stabilizer density on dose enhancement is found to be less significant. Additionally, the photon fluence spectrum was analyzed for the three studied cases to identify and evaluate the characteristic fluores-cence lines of copper. This analysis confirms the presence of characteristic X-rays derived from the presence of copper nanoparticles, which could potentially serve as a foundation for specific imaging techniques.

One of the main phenomena causing problems in the oil industry is the precipitation of waxes, which can crystallize and form deposits, clogging lines and reducing flows. Many studies have been conducted seeking to overcome this problem, mainly through application of chemical to increase flow. Some studies have shown that the asphaltenes present in crude oil can also be involved in the process of wax deposition. In this study, model systems were investigated to determine the influence of a natural additive, a chemical additive and their combined use on the fluidity of the samples. The natural additive, consisting of a refinery asphalt residue (ASPR), was studied in relation to the influence of its aggregation states on the fluidity of the wax model systems. All samples were evaluated through the pour point test, according to the ASTM D-97 standard. The results indicated that both the ASPR and the commercial poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) can improve the fluidity. Synergistic effect, using both together, was verified by the significant reduction of pour point for model systems with wax content as high as 13% m v-1. That action was closely related to the concentration of ASPR and its aggregation state, as indicated by tests with different wax concentrations.

Resumo Allium sativum L. é uma erva da família Alliaceae com sabor e aroma específicos e propriedades medicinais e nutracêuticas amplamente comercializada em diversos países. O Brasil é um dos maiores importadores de alho do mundo, apesar da sua produção ser restrita e limitada ao consumo interno. Assim, explorar a diversidade genética do alho comercial conservado em bancos de germoplasma é essencial para fornecer informações genéticas adicionais acerca dessa cultura economicamente importante. Uma ferramenta adequada para esse fim é a caracterização citogenética desses acessos. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade citogenética entre sete acessos de alho de um Banco de Germoplasma no Brasil. Os cariótipos foram obtidos por coloração convencional e com os fluorocromos de cromomicina A3 (CMA) e 4,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI). Todos os acessos analisados apresentaram número cromossômico 2n = 16, fórmula cariotípica 6M + 2SM, cariótipos simétricos, núcleos reticulados em intérfase e cromossomos com condensação uniforme da cromatina da prófase para a metáfase. A coloração com fluorocromos mostrou diferenças na quantidade e distribuição de heterocromatina ao longo dos cromossomos e entre os acessos estudados. Com base no padrão de distribuição desses pequenos polimorfismos, foi possível separar os sete acessos em três grupos. Também foi possível diferenciar individualmente alguns dos acessos. Um dos resultados obtidos mostrou distensão heteromórfica da região organizadora nucleolar observada nos pares dos cromossomos 6 ou 7 com características peculiares. Foi sugerido, por exemplo, que o bloco heteromórfico de heterocromatina (CMA +++ / DAPI-) no cromossomo 6 do acesso “Branco Mineiro Piauí” pode ser usado como um marcador para identificar esse genótipo ou pode estar associado a algum caráter de interesse econômico.

Abstract Allium sativum L. is an herb of the Alliaceae family with a specific taste and aroma and medicinal and nutraceutical properties that are widely marketed in several countries. Brazil is one of the largest importers of garlic in the world, despite of its production is restricted and limited to internal consumption. Thus, explore the genetic diversity of commercial garlic conserved at germplasm banks is essential to generate additional genetic information about its economically important crop. A suitable tool for this purpose is the cytogenetic characterisation of these accessions. This study aimed to characterise the cytogenetic diversity among seven accessions of garlic from a Germplasm Bank in Brazil. The karyotypes were obtained by conventional staining and with chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorochromes. All accessions analysed showed chromosome number 2n = 16, karyotype formula 6M+2SM, symmetrical karyotypes, reticulate interphase nuclei, and chromosomes with uniform chromatin condensation from prophase to metaphase. The fluorochromes staining showed differences in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along the chromosomes and between accessions studied. Based on the distribution pattern of these small polymorphisms, it was possible to separate the seven accessions into three groups. It was also possible to differentiate some of the accessions individually. One of the results obtained showed a heteromorphic distension of the nucleolar organiser region observed on the chromosome pairs 6 or 7 with peculiar characteristics. It was suggested for example, that the heteromorphic block of heterochromatin (CMA+++/DAPI-) on chromosome 6 of the “Branco Mineiro Piauí” accession can be used as a marker to identify this genotype or may be associated with some character of economic interest.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate inactivated CoronaVac prime vaccination, antibody decay, booster dose, and safety in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (AAV) patients. Methods: Fifty-three AAV patients and 106 Controls (CG) received CoronaVac on days: D0 (first dose), D28(second dose), and D210 (booster dose, 32 AAV: 32 CG). The primary outcome was immunogenicity after the second vaccine dose (day 69) assessed by Seroconversion Rates (SC) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and Neutralizing Antibodies (NAb). Secondary outcomes were safety, immunogenicity (D28/D240), 6-months antibody decay (D210) and the booster dose response (D240). Results: At D69 SC (65.1% vs. 96.8%, p = 0.0001), GMT (21.3 UA/mL vs. 67.7 UA/mL, p < 0.001) and NAb- positivity (53.7% vs. 80.6%, p = 0.001) were moderate but lower in naïve-AAV patients than CG. Patients without SC used more often IS (93.3% vs. 53.3%, p = 0.015), mycophenolate mofetil (20% vs. 0%, p = 0.037) and prednisone (60.0% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.057) than seroconverted. NAb negativity in AAV patients was associated with prednisone treatment (57.9% vs. 18.2%, p = 0.015) and IS (84.2% vs. 55.0%, p = 0.046). Logistic regression analysis models showed that only prednisone was associated with lower seroconversion (OR = 0.2, 0,95% CI 0.05–0.86, p = 0.030) and with lower NAb positivity (OR = 0.2, 0,95% CI 0.05–0.88, p = 0.034). After six months (D69–D210) a decrease in IgG positivity occurred in 32 AAV patients (15.7%, p = 0.074) and 32 CG (18.7%, p = 0.041). For the NAb positivity, the 6-month decrease was not significant (p = 0.114) whereas a major reduction occurred for CG (p < 0.001). A booster dose (D240) resulted in an increment in IgG-positivity (21.9%, p = 0.023) and NAb-positivity (34.4%, p = 0.006) in AAV patients. No moderate/severe adverse events attributable to the vaccine were observed. Conclusion: This study provides novel data on the excellent safety and moderate immunogenicity of CoronaVac in AAV patients. A six-month mild antibody waning was observed with a good response to the booster dose, although levels remained lower than CG (CoronavRheum-NCT04754698).

Abstract The interest for oleaginous yeasts has grown significantly in the last three decades, mainly due to their potential use as a renewable source of microbial oil or single cell oils (SCOs). However, the methodologies for cell disruption to obtain the microbial oil are considered critical and determinant for a large-scale production. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate different methods for cell wall disruption for the lipid extraction of Yarrowia lipolytica QU21 and Meyerozyma guilliermondii BI281A. The two strains were separately cultivated in 5 L batch fermenters for 120 hours, at 26 ºC and 400 rpm. Three different lipid extraction processes using Turrax homogenizer, Ultrasonicator and Braun homogenizer combined with bead milling were applied in wet, oven-dried, and freeze-dried biomass of both strains. The treatment with the highest percentage of disrupted cells and highest oil yield was the ultrasonication of oven-dried biomass (37-40% lipid content for both strains). The fact that our results point to one best extraction strategy for two different yeast strains, belonging to different species, is a great news towards the development of a unified technique that could be applied at industrial plants.

Resumen Durante las últimas décadas, las técnicas analíticas de imágenes por contraste de absorción de rayos X han cobrado sistemáticamente mayor protagonismo, por su capacidad de explorar de manera no destructiva el interior de una muestra. La significativa mejora en resolución espacial que ofrece la microtomografía por rayos X en comparación con la tomografía computada convencional, ha promovido la inserción de esta técnica en diversos campos biomédicos, entre los que se destaca la odontología. Particularmente, en la disciplina de la endodoncia, la microCT surge como un método de potencial interés cuando se realizan tratamientos de conducto, donde una de las principales necesidades es la caracterización anatómica del conducto radicular en piezas dentales. En el presente trabajo se adaptó el equipamiento de microCT del Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes por Rayos X (LIIFAMIR) del Instituto de Física E. Gaviola - CONICET y UNC, que permitió adquirir imágenes radiográficas de muestras dentales de interés, para ser posteriormente utilizadas en la implementación de algoritmos destinados a reconstrucción tomográfica y segmentación de volúmenes. Como resultado se obtuvieron imágenes radiográficas de dientes premolares con buen contraste entre los distintos materiales presentes, y representaciones tridimensionales, cuya visualización es comparable con las muestras reales. Asimismo, se logró caracterizar el volumen del conducto radicular del diente en su forma natural y luego de haber pasado por el proceso de instrumentación en el cual se extrae el tejido pulpar de su interior.

Abstract During the last decades, the analytical techniques of X-ray absorption contrast imaging have systematically gained greater relevance, mainly due to the ability to attain non-destructive exploration the sample interior. The significant improvement in spatial resolution offered by X-ray micro-tomography, as compared to conventional computed tomography, has motivated its insertion in many biomedical fields, among which dentistry stands out. Particularly, for endodontics, microCT appears as a method of remarkable potential interest to study procedures involved in root canal treatments, where one of the main needs is the anatomical characterization of the root canal in the teeth. The present work reports on the adaptation of the microCT equipment of the LIIFAMIR laboratory at the E. Gaviola Physics Institute, CONICET and UNC, thus allowing to acquire radiographic images of dental samples of interest, to be later used in the implementation of algorithms, intended to tomographic reconstruction and volume segmentation. As a result, radiographic images of premolar teeth were obtained with good contrast between the different materials present, and three-dimensional representations, whose visualization is comparable with the real samples. Moreover, it was possible to characterize the root canal volume of the tooth both in its natural form and after having undergone the instrumentation process in which the pulp tissue is extracted.

ABSTRACT Phosphorus concentration is one of the main attributes determined in laboratory analyses of soil samples collected in the field. The objective is to develop a soil phosphorus test using a low-cost spectrophotometer and a machine learning technique. For reflectance measurements, a low-cost system consisting of a Sparkfun AS7625x spectrophotometer and an Arduino Uno is used. Ion exchange resins under standard saturated solutions and modified conditions are used to extract phosphorus ions from the soil samples. Reflectance and phosphorus concentrations determined by the reference method are used in the training and testing of a machine learning. A modification procedure of the ion-exchange resin saturation solution allows the establishment of a strong correlation between the reflectance in 18 spectral bands and P concentration of the soil samples. The obtained model uses five reflectance of the modified resins at wavelengths of 410, 460, 560, 705, and 645 nm to predict the phosphorus concentration. This model presents an R2t accuracy of 0.97 in the training stage with an R2v of 0.96, RMSEv of 9.05, and ratio of prediction to deviation) of 3.81 in the test step.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of binge drinking and other alcohol consumption patterns and analyze the sociodemographic characteristics associated with binge drinking among Brazilian adolescents aged 15 to 17 years. A cross-sectional household survey including 2,315 adolescents from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey who answered a questionnaire on alcohol consumption (weekly frequency, average amount consumed in a drinking day, and binge drinking). A descriptive analysis of alcohol consumption by sociodemographic characteristics and a multivariable logistic regression model were performed. The prevalence of binge drinking (past 30 days) was 8.1% (95%CI: 6.2-10.3). Adolescents who did not attend school (OR = 2.8; 95%CI: 1.6-5.0) had greater odds of binge drinking than adolescents attending school. Higher socioeconomic status (measured via wealth score) was also associated with higher odds of binge drinking compared with lower socioeconomic status (e.g., 5th quintile vs. 1st quintile: OR = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.1-7.7). Girls had lower odds of binge drinking (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.2-0.8) than boys. The prevalence of binge drinking among adolescents, especially boys, who did not attend school and had higher socioeconomic status was high. Monitoring alcohol consumption patterns in adolescents may provide important information on policies or actions to prevent binge drinking.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a prevalência de consumo excessivo de álcool (binge drinking) e outros padrões de consumo e analisar as características sociodemográficas associadas ao consumo excessivo de álcool em adolescentes brasileiros de 15 a 17 anos. Nesta pesquisa domiciliar transversal, 2.315 adolescentes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 responderam a um questionário sobre o consumo excessivo de álcool (frequência semanal, dose média consumida em um dia e consumo excessivo de álcool). Foram realizados uma análise descritiva do consumo de álcool por características sociodemográficas e um modelo de regressão logística multivariável. A prevalência de consumo excessivo de álcool nos últimos 30 dias foi de 8,1% (IC95%: 6,2-10,3). Os adolescentes que não frequentavam a escola (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,6-5,0) apresentaram maiores chances de consumo excessivo de álcool do que os alunos que frequentavam a escola. Um maior nível socioeconômico (medido por meio do escore de riqueza) também foi associado a maiores chances de consumo excessivo de álcool em comparação com adolescentes com menor nível socioeconômico (por exemplo, quintil 5 vs. quintil 1: OR = 2.9; IC95%: 1,1-7,7). Meninas tiveram menores chances (OR = 0,5; IC95%: 0,2-0,8) de consumo excessivo de álcool do que meninos. Observou-se uma alta prevalência de consumo excessivo de álcool entre adolescentes, principalmente entre meninos, que não frequentam a escola e com maior nível socioeconômico. O monitoramento de padrões de consumo de álcool em adolescentes pode fornecer informações importantes sobre políticas e ações para prevenção do consumo excessivo de álcool.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la prevalencia del consumo excesivo de alcohol (binge drinking) y otros niveles de consumo, así como analizar las características sociodemográficas asociadas al consumo excesivo de alcohol por adolescentes brasileños de entre los 15 y los 17 años. La encuesta domiciliaria transversal aplicó un cuestionario sobre consumo excesivo de alcohol (frecuencia semanal, dosis promedio consumida al día y consumo excesivo de alcohol) a 2.315 adolescentes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. Se realizaron un análisis descriptivo del consumo de alcohol desde las características sociodemográficas y un modelo de regresión logística multivariado. La prevalencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol en los últimos 30 días fue del 8,1% (IC95%: 6,2-10,3). Los adolescentes que no asistían a la escuela (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,6-5,0) tenían más probabilidades de consumir alcohol en exceso que los estudiantes que asistían a la escuela. El mayor nivel socioeconómico (medido por la escala de riqueza) también se asoció con mayores probabilidades de consumir alcohol en exceso en comparación con los adolescentes con un nivel socioeconómico más bajo (por ejemplo, quintil 5 vs. quintil 1: OR = 2,9; IC95%: 1,1-7,7). Las mujeres tenían menos probabilidades (OR = 0,5; IC95%: 0,2-0,8) de consumir alcohol en exceso que los varones. Se encontró una alta prevalencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol entre los adolescentes, especialmente entre los varones, que no asistían a la escuela y con un nivel socioeconómico más alto. El seguimiento de los niveles de consumo de alcohol en adolescentes puede aportar información importante para las políticas o acciones destinadas a la prevención del consumo excesivo de alcohol.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of binge drinking and other alcohol consumption patterns and analyze the sociodemographic characteristics associated with binge drinking among Brazilian adolescents aged 15 to 17 years. A cross-sectional household survey including 2,315 adolescents from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey who answered a questionnaire on alcohol consumption (weekly frequency, average amount consumed in a drinking day, and binge drinking). A descriptive analysis of alcohol consumption by sociodemographic characteristics and a multivariable logistic regression model were performed. The prevalence of binge drinking (past 30 days) was 8.1% (95%CI: 6.2-10.3). Adolescents who did not attend school (OR = 2.8; 95%CI: 1.6-5.0) had greater odds of binge drinking than adolescents attending school. Higher socioeconomic status (measured via wealth score) was also associated with higher odds of binge drinking compared with lower socioeconomic status (e.g., 5th quintile vs. 1st quintile: OR = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.1-7.7). Girls had lower odds of binge drinking (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.2-0.8) than boys. The prevalence of binge drinking among adolescents, especially boys, who did not attend school and had higher socioeconomic status was high. Monitoring alcohol consumption patterns in adolescents may provide important information on policies or actions to prevent binge drinking.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la prevalencia del consumo excesivo de alcohol (binge drinking) y otros niveles de consumo, así como analizar las características sociodemográficas asociadas al consumo excesivo de alcohol por adolescentes brasileños de entre los 15 y los 17 años. La encuesta domiciliaria transversal aplicó un cuestionario sobre consumo excesivo de alcohol (frecuencia semanal, dosis promedio consumida al día y consumo excesivo de alcohol) a 2.315 adolescentes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. Se realizaron un análisis descriptivo del consumo de alcohol desde las características sociodemográficas y un modelo de regresión logística multivariado. La prevalencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol en los últimos 30 días fue del 8,1% (IC95%: 6,2-10,3). Los adolescentes que no asistían a la escuela (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,6-5,0) tenían más probabilidades de consumir alcohol en exceso que los estudiantes que asistían a la escuela. El mayor nivel socioeconómico (medido por la escala de riqueza) también se asoció con mayores probabilidades de consumir alcohol en exceso en comparación con los adolescentes con un nivel socioeconómico más bajo (por ejemplo, quintil 5 vs. quintil 1: OR = 2,9; IC95%: 1,1-7,7). Las mujeres tenían menos probabilidades (OR = 0,5; IC95%: 0,2-0,8) de consumir alcohol en exceso que los varones. Se encontró una alta prevalencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol entre los adolescentes, especialmente entre los varones, que no asistían a la escuela y con un nivel socioeconómico más alto. El seguimiento de los niveles de consumo de alcohol en adolescentes puede aportar información importante para las políticas o acciones destinadas a la prevención del consumo excesivo de alcohol.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a prevalência de consumo excessivo de álcool (binge drinking) e outros padrões de consumo e analisar as características sociodemográficas associadas ao consumo excessivo de álcool em adolescentes brasileiros de 15 a 17 anos. Nesta pesquisa domiciliar transversal, 2.315 adolescentes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 responderam a um questionário sobre o consumo excessivo de álcool (frequência semanal, dose média consumida em um dia e consumo excessivo de álcool). Foram realizados uma análise descritiva do consumo de álcool por características sociodemográficas e um modelo de regressão logística multivariável. A prevalência de consumo excessivo de álcool nos últimos 30 dias foi de 8,1% (IC95%: 6,2-10,3). Os adolescentes que não frequentavam a escola (OR = 2,8; IC95%: 1,6-5,0) apresentaram maiores chances de consumo excessivo de álcool do que os alunos que frequentavam a escola. Um maior nível socioeconômico (medido por meio do escore de riqueza) também foi associado a maiores chances de consumo excessivo de álcool em comparação com adolescentes com menor nível socioeconômico (por exemplo, quintil 5 vs. quintil 1: OR = 2.9; IC95%: 1,1-7,7). Meninas tiveram menores chances (OR = 0,5; IC95%: 0,2-0,8) de consumo excessivo de álcool do que meninos. Observou-se uma alta prevalência de consumo excessivo de álcool entre adolescentes, principalmente entre meninos, que não frequentam a escola e com maior nível socioeconômico. O monitoramento de padrões de consumo de álcool em adolescentes pode fornecer informações importantes sobre políticas e ações para prevenção do consumo excessivo de álcool.

ABSTRACT There exist two options for digital cameras that can capture the near-infrared (NIR) band. Conventional red–green–blue (RGB, visible bands) cameras with a single sensor provide NIR band visibility based on the removal of the internal NIR-blocking filter. Alternatively, multisensor cameras exist that have a specific sensor for each band. The modified RGB cameras are of a lower price. In this context, the objective of this study was to compare the performance of a modified RGB camera with that of a multisensor camera for obtaining the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in an area with coffee cultivations. A multispectral camera with five sensors and another camera with only one sensor were used. The NDVI of the coffee field was also measured using the GreenSeeker handheld NDVI sensor manufactured by Trimble. The images were calibrated radiometrically based on the targets in shades of gray made of napa, and the NDVI was calculated after image calibration. The calibration curves showed a high coefficient of determination. The NDVI value obtained with the calibrated images from the cameras showed a significant correlation with the values obtained by the GreenSeeker NDVI sensor, making it possible to obtain the variability pattern of the vegetation index. However, the NDVI obtained using the multisensor camera was closer to the NDVI obtained by the GreenSeeker NDVI sensor.

ABSTRACT The use of robust sample methodologies to estimate the highest number of species with different ecological requirements and traits is essential to the knowledge construction of the biodiversity and to establish wildlife assessment and monitoring programs. Our aims were to study the performance of colored pan traps in the capture of Drosophilidae (Diptera), a method never used for sampling this taxon. During six months, colored pan traps (blue, yellow and white) were tested in three areas in Southern Brazil. We captured 375 individuals of 30 species belonging to four genera of Drosophilidae. The most abundant species were Drosophila lutzii (n=215) p=0.58, Scaptomyza sp. (n=55) p=0.15 and D. bromelioides (n=17) p=0.04, all of them, anthophilous species. All colored pan traps captured a high quantify species of Drosophilidae, mainly anthophilous species.

Abstract This paper intends to analyze the determinants of audit fees in Portugal and Spain at a time when the audit profession has felt increasingly strong pressures on its ethical, independence and quality of professional attitude, showing that audit fees behave differently in these two countries. The liberalization of audit services’ fees in Portugal, with the elimination in 2005 of the minimum audit fees table based on the audited company size, arouses the interest in perceiving the factors that determine audit fees. In Spain, the various financial scandals have placed audit fees in the main focus. These countries, which form the Iberian Peninsula, have a strongly related economic and cultural history, having also joined the European Union on the same date. In addition, audit fees have not been much studied in these countries, so it is important to perceive their behavior by comparing results. The results indicate that, in Spain, audit fees are determined mainly by the size, complexity and risk of the audited company. It was also found in Spain that the big four companies charge higher fees and companies that change their audit firm pay lower fees in the year of rotation. In Portugal, the size of the audited company was considered the only factor contributing to the determination of audit fees. The analysis includes a sample of 39 listed companies in Portugal and 104 companies listed in Spain for the period of 2013 to 2015 using the ordinary least squares.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como intención analizar los determinantes de los honorarios por auditoria en Portugal y España en un período en el que esta profesión experimenta fuertes y crecientes presiones sobre la ética, independencia y calidad de su actitud profesional, mostrando que dichos honorarios se comportan de manera diferente en estos dos países. La liberalización de los honarios por servicios de auditoría en Portugal, al eliminar en 2005 la tabla de honorarios mínimos basada en el tamaño de la empresa auditada, despierta el interés en detectar los factores que los determinan. en En España los diversos escándalos financieros han puesto esos honorarios en el foco principal. Estos países, que forman la península ibérica, tienen una economía e historia cultural fuertemente relacionadas, habiéndose incorporado a la Unión Europea en la misma fecha. Adicionalmente, los honorarios por auditoría no se han estudiado mucho en estos países, por lo que es importante detectar sus comportamientos y comparar los resultados. Los resultados indican que en España están determinados principalmente pro el tamaño, complejidad y riesgo de la empresa auditada. También se encontró que en ese país las cuatro firmas auditoras más grandes cobran honorarios más altos y que las émpresas que cambian de firma auditora pagan honorarios más bajos durante el año del cambio. En Portugal el tamaño de la empresa auditada fue el único factor que contribuye a la determinación de los honorarios. El análisis, usando mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, incluye una muestra de 39 empresas listadas en el mercado de valores de Portugal y 104 en el de España de 2013 a 2015.

Abstract: The mean excitation energy is a fundamental quantity in radiation physics, concerning energy deposition in matter and absorbed dose analytical estimations for charged particles. The stopping of swift ions in different materials strongly depends on this parameter among others. This work intends to fill in part, an empty hole in the theory of stopping power: the need of analitically and theoretically assess the -value for materials. The definition of the mean excitation energy using the dielectric response function is analytically integrable if the inelastic cross section parameters are known. Some dielectric models were studied, aimed at calculating the -value for liquid water by theoretical means, reaching the conclusion that a decay of the order of in frequency (energy) is needed as weak condition of the optical energy-loss function for the integrals to converge. Afterwards, the first four discrete excitation levels and the diffuse bands for water are treated in a fully analytical scheme, and further compared with numerical results, providing the contribution of these levels to , with the aim of testing the proposed analytical model.

Resumen: Una de las magnitudes de mayor relevancia en la física de radiaciones, en general, y en la determinación del poder de frenado, en particular, así como el consecuente depósito de energía y dosis absorbida en distintos materiales, es la energía media de excitación . El presente trabajo reporta una metodología original para un abordaje analítico describiendo en detalle las contribuciones parciales debido a excitaciones/ionizaciones que permite establecer un marco referencial para el cálculo teórico de . Para ello, se emplean dos modelos de respuesta dieléctrica de los materiales, concluyendo que un decaimiento del orden de es necesario como condición débil para que la función óptica de pérdida de energía asegure la convergencia de las integrales. Se discuten los primeros cuatro niveles de excitación de la molécula de agua y las bandas difusas, y se las trata mediante un esquema analítico. Dichos resultados son contrastados con el cálculo numérico de las integrales, proveyendo un método teórico para la determinación de la contribución de estos niveles al valor de en el caso del agua líquida.